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KOL(關鍵意見領袖)

在互聯網尚未普及的時代,資訊的傳遞非常「單向」,我們接觸的資訊來源主要是大眾媒體──消息經由記者接收、由記者進行消化、整理、報道,再傳達至你與我。然而,在當今的世代,資訊不單不是單向,有是「多面向」,有如蜘蛛網,你我他可以獨立連結,也可以以群組的方式地集體連繫。從群眾的角度而言,當中尤其由 KOL(Key Opinion Leader,關鍵意見領袖)扮演著舉足輕重的角色,KOL 對在社交媒體所發表的評價,不單是吸引無數跟隨者的眼球,更影響很多人的消費決定。不難明白的是,很多品牌管理者、廣告商,現在都力求找到優秀的 KOL 以達致廣告的效果。 那麼,一位優秀的 KOL 該具備什麼條件?知名度高就一定有影響力嗎?其實不然。知名度和影響力,兩者都是重要的指標,然而,兩者未必有正比的關係。一個知名度高的 KOL,很可能有大量的支持者(即粉絲,Fans)或者跟隨者(Followers),但未必代表這位 KOL 可以影響他們的消費決定;反之,一個具有強大影響力的 KOL,可能他算不上是街知巷聞,但他的一小撮的支持者對他可是亦步亦趨。揀選 KOL 的質與量指標再深入一些去想,行銷人員在評核如何選擇合適的 KOL 時,該考慮什麼因素?憑藉著我們團隊所累積的經驗,在此分享一下在選擇 KOL 時需要考慮的因素。第一,質量上(Qualitative)的指標。我們會視乎內容切合度(Content Affinity),當中我們會經常參考的有 4 個指標:1.相關性(Relevancy)我們會首先看該KOL是否該產品的使用者,有否寫網上資訊(Feed),他/她本身的專長是否與該行業 / 產品有關。2.外貌及品味(Look & Style)在這方面,香港人的確較為膚淺,這因素對消費者而言都相當重要,我們都會看KOL在互聯網上是否表現出吸引觀眾的外貌和品味,也看他/她的言論有否正面的能量?還是較情緒化或被動?這些都是很重要的因素,因為他外貌和品味關乎到他是否與該品牌切合。3.語氣及行為(Tone & Manner)從 KOL 的網上發佈,我們會看看 KOL 如何用字? 當他描述產品時,當中的用字是否切合品牌的需要?當中的語氣又是否能夠吸引(Engage)目標客戶群(Target Audience)?因為在網上,有些 KOL 有時說話較為輕佻或偏激,而如果品牌的目標客戶群是比較成熟穩重的話,這 KOL 的切合性就值得存疑了。4.經驗(Experience & Voice)我們會看 KOL 在該產品和行業上有多少知識,對受眾而言的認受性又是否足夠,尤其在電子產品(例如 Gadget)的行業,受眾很多時候在 KOL 上追求一些有深度、有洞察力的評論(Insights),藉此可以省掉自行探索的時間、心力和金錢。香港人很多都追求快捷、方便,這也是很多人跟隨 KOL 的原因。故此,我們也會看 KOL 是不是一個專家(Expert)、潮流的帶領者(Thought Leadership),如果是的話,這當然會大大加分。第二,數量化(Quantitative)的指標。我們會看看KOL的群眾影響力(Audience Base)。所謂群眾影響力,顧名思義,這部分的準則會分析較多數據。1.接觸面(Reach)這在指KOL潛在可以接觸到的受眾數目,如果是在Facebook上,會看他的跟隨者 (follower)的數目,在Youtube 上則看訂閱者 (subscriber)的數目,在個人的部落格上就看有多少讀者或點擊率。2.參與率(Engagement Rate)簡單來說,KOL 能否與受眾拉近距離?縱使是一位接觸面很廣的KOL,也要看看他的受眾是否會閱讀KOL刊發的資訊,甚至是作出回應,所以,從「讚好」(like)、「回應」(Comment)、分享(Share)等等的數目,可以讓我們判別受眾與KOL的互動量。3.轉發數目(Number of Re-Posts)以上兩點都是集中在 KOL上,其實,一個成功的KOL,很多時候像是一石激起千層浪──第一手接觸 KOL 的受眾有限,然而,徜若當中有人把資訊向周邊的朋友轉發、分享,這樣則會大大增加漣漪的效應,試想想,如果 100 個願意轉發的人都有 100 個朋友,而如果每個朋友都願意轉發的話,則變成有 100 萬人看到了,可見這般效應不單是倍增,而可以是幾何級數增加的。第一類:切合度高、群眾影響力低就著那些屬於內容切合度高、群眾影響力低的 KOL。我們會建議在這類別挑選幾位KOL,藉此精準地接觸目標的受眾,但不能只靠一個,否則整體的接觸面可能較弱。以「湯唯」為例,她固然是一位極具名氣、光茫四射的一線名星,憑藉她的外貌、行為舉止、品味和經驗等,她在內容切合度方面固然是毋容置疑,然而,她幾乎沒有接觸社交媒體,在網絡上甚少有跟隨者,所以她的群眾影響力相當低,她這些就算是一些例外。第二類:以「量」取勝那麼,那些內容切合度和群眾影響力都低的 KOL,我們是否完全不應該採用?其實未必。因為我們可以在行銷計劃上,採用多個這類別的 KOL,這種以「量」來取勝的策略,有助於製造迴響、聲勢(Noise),讓受眾感覺到四周都有產品討論,很多時候,這種「量」是以十幾個至幾十個不等的。另外,我們都會建議儲集 KOL,在有需要的時候邀請他們來參與公司的活動、就產品作出評價等,尤其是在出現危機時,這種KOL很多時候價錢較便宜,可以在這些時候幫得上忙。第三類:內容切合度低、群眾影響力高就是內容切合度低、群眾影響力高的 KOL,在行銷策劃上,採用這類的 KOL不需要很多,幾個就已足夠,基於他們的群眾影響力,可以有助於提升品牌的知名度。例如麥當勞曾找來指明的香港KOL熊仔頭來為其新推出的產品作宣傳,KOL熊仔頭與麥當勞的切合度并不高,不過勝在熊仔頭的YouTube頻度有超過50萬名訂閱者,以其影響力,即使兩者的切合度不高,亦能作宣傳效果。第四類:內容切合度高,群眾影響力高最后,內容切合度與群眾影響力都高的 KOL,固然是最適合的,採用這類的 KOL 的數目不需要很多,源於這些 KOL 通常牽涉較高的成本。篩選的準則除此以外,我們需要採取 4 個篩選的準則:1.KOL 的收費是否合理在市場上,很多KOL的價格都相當浮動,亦即我們俗語所說的「海鮮價」。尤其當某個KOL當紅的時候,又或是手上的工作較多的時候,他們收取的價格上升幅度可以相當驚人。如果他們的叫價過高,我們要考慮價錢是否合理,還是轉用別的途徑。2.KOL 的配合度KOL究竟是否容易一起合作,會否準時推廣產品?對方會否隱瞞自己的利益?或是難以合作?例如在試用產品後寫下評語後,會否未經討論就直接公開發佈?另外,有些當紅的KOL,可能她本身有經理人,所以如果與這位KOL合作,也要與她的經理人磨合,這些都是需要考慮的因素。3.KOL 的形象有些 KOL,可能受盡負面新聞、緋聞、醜聞纏繞,這些我們都盡量避免。4.KOL的商業化最後,某些KOL可能有大量的跟隨者,內容切合度也不俗,但他可能太商業化,可能代言大量的品牌,甚至曾經就對手的品牌做過代言,這些可能未必適合。尤其是口碑為上的年代,太商業化的KOL的說服力很可能稍遜。培養品牌的KOL一開始,不必急於找 KOL。很多時候我們會建議公司自己編寫和保存一個 KO L的名單,當中有些內容切合度不高的KOL,其實我們都可以予以發展,讓他發揮潛力,為該公司的產品做代言。我們通常建議讓 KOL 第一手地接觸不同的行業資訊,甚或是提供新產品的樣本供以試用,藉此提升他/內容切合度。某些公司設有最佳用戶大獎(Best User Award),這些可以獎勵一些有潛質的 KOL,也可以教他認識公司的產品,這些做法都可以直接提升他的內容切合度。那麼,一些群眾影響力低的 KOL,我們如何提升他們?我們可以直接邀請他們來公司的活動,讓他們接觸公司的受眾,藉此增強他的群眾影響力,我們也可以在 Facebook 上擺放精準行銷廣告,以增加群眾影響力。就著一些兩者皆低的 KOL,我們也會建議公司持續地培養這些 KOL,因為當公司出現危機之時,公司才可以迅速地找到忠實的用戶,讓他們以第三身的角度來為品牌發聲,為品牌做一些中和(Neutralization),熄滅一些火頭。舉一個例子,早前黎明舉辦演唱會,因場地出現一些了問題令演唱會未能如期開始,他在 24 小時內就已經迅速解除危機,他的公關技巧、以及對事情的承擔、為參與者提供退款,都是無庸置疑的。但他能迅速平息危機的主要原因,是有賴於他的粉絲會。黎明的內容切合度未必高,群眾影響力也未必大,但勝在一呼百應,人多勢眾,所以很快就可以平息這個風波。「網紅」與「大號」還記得「洪荒之力」嗎?短短一個晚上,從一句新聞回應,演變成全城熱話,更登上了微博熱搜榜,令游泳女將傅園慧搖身一變成了「網紅」。「洪荒之力」讓網民紛紛仿效,更有公司想找傅當KOL(Key…

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